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Ingevallen gezichten

Naar schatting 180.000 Belgen werkten vanaf 1916 als dwangarbeider in Duitse dienst. Vooral het afvoeren van Belgische burgers naar Duitsland lokte een golf van protest uit. De Belgische regering in ballingschap sprak over slavernij en de katholieke Kerk trok bij monde van Kardinaal Mercier hevig van leer tegen de Duitse deportaties. Ook de ...

Hollow Cheeks

From 1916 onwards, an estimated 180,000 Belgians were forced to do hard labour for the Germans. The deportation of Belgian civilians to Germany especially provoked a wave of protest. The Belgian government in exile called the forced labour slavery, and speaking for the Catholic Church, Cardinal Mercier took the Germans to task for the ...

De madonna's van Pervijze

Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog waren duizenden vrouwen actief aan het front als ambulancier of verpleger, onder hen de gescheiden Engelse vroedvrouw Elsie Knocker en de welstellende Schotse Mairi Chisholm. De opvang en verzorging van de gewonde soldaten aan het front verliep chaotisch. Het Belgische Rode Kruis was niet opgewassen tegen de ...

Claustrofobie onder water

Omdat de Britten over een machtige oorlogsvloot beschikten, besloten de Duitsers voor de oorlogsvoering op zee een nieuw wapen in te zetten: de onderzeeër. Zeker toen het Duitse leger op 1 februari 1917 de onbeperkte duikbotenoorlog uitriep, gingen duikboten een belangrijke rol spelen. Militair was het wapen vrij succesvol. Duitse onderzeeërs ...

Wilson and the Politics of Neutrality

The news of the German invasion of Belgium did not leave Americans indifferent. As early as 1914, they organised large-scale campaigns to provide ‘poor little Belgium’ with food and clothes. Actual participation in the war, however, was not on the cards yet. Having been in office for only a year and a half, President Woodrow Wilson ...

Wilson und die Neutralitätspolitik

Die Nachricht vom deutschen Einmarsch in Belgien ließ die Amerikaner nicht ungerührt. Schon 1914 organisierten sie großangelegte Kampagnen, um „poor little Belgium“ mit Nahrung und Kleidung zu versehen. Eine eigene Kriegsbeteiligung dagegen stand zu diesem Zeitpunkt nicht zur Diskussion. Präsident Woodrow Wilson war erst anderthalb ...

St. Nicholas in wartime

In many Western European countries, Sinterklaas (or St. Nicholas) is celebrated around 5 - 6 December. In Belgium and the Netherlands, Sinterklaas is the ultimate children’s festive holiday, much more so than Christmas. St. Nicholas brings tasty treats and presents. This was also true on the eve of The First World War. At the time, it was ...

A Christmas spirit with a dark side

The first Christmas at the front, in 1914, passed in a remarkable atmosphere. At the start of hostilities, the soldiers had hoped for a short war. They had expected to be home long before Christmas and were surprised to find themselves still in the trenches. This is why there was little will to fight amongst many of the soldiers. This attitude was ...

The Treaty of Versailles

In January 1919, representatives of 32 countries travelled to Paris to re-draw the map of the post-war world, and to discuss what was to happen to the losers of the war. Each country brought its own agenda to the negotiating table. Belgium and Serbia were hoping for reparations, Polish and Irish nationalists sought recognition for their countries, ...

Emile Verhaeren

Before the war, Émile Verhaeren (1855-1916) was a celebrated symbolist author. The work of the French-speaking Flemish writer was highly acclaimed in the Francophone world, and Verhaeren became an urbane public figure with an extensive network of acquaintances in international cultural circles. He also made friends with King Albert I of Belgium ...

The International Congress of Women

The International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) was founded by leading feminists in 1904. The organisation was devoted to securing women's suffrage and held regular international conferences. In 1915, it was due to take place in Berlin but was cancelled because of the war. On a proposal by the Dutch feminist Dr. Aletta Jacobs, the ...

Februarrevolution in Russland

Am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkriegs herrschte Unruhe in Russland. Immer mehr Russen äußerten öffentlich ihr Missfallen über Zar Nikolaus II. und dessen autoritäres Regime. Bei Ausbruch des Krieges wurde dieses Missfallen vorübergehend von einer Woge des Patriotismus überlagert. Die starken antideutschen Gefühle brachten eine rasche und ...

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